![]() ![]() Albritton and Amato (2016) describe a limp binding or limp covers as having no underlying board, semi-limp as having a thin, flexible board underneath the covering material, and stiff-board bindings as having rigid boards that are fully adhered, drummed-on, or loose under the parchment. There are differences in opinion in how to describe various styles of parchment bindings. "In reality, however, these structures exist on a continuum, the full breadth of which cannot be addressed adequately by the limp/stiff dichotomy," ( Albritton & Amato 2016, 4). Parchment bindings can be loosely divided into the categories of stiff and limp depending on whether the parchment that is covering the book has a support (e.g. ![]() Since then, the limp structure has been adopted as a type of conservation binding. After the 1966 Florence flood, Clarkson (1975) observed that limp parchment bindings that had been damaged and distorted by flood waters did not transfer the damage to the bookblocks within (see an example). ![]() There are several benefits to using parchment as a covering material, which have been described by Pickwoad (2000, "Tacketed") and Geraty (2019): parchment is easy to mold and manipulate when it is damp and soft it retains its shape when dried under tension and it is durable and resistant to wear. ![]() Several parchment binding styles were even in use in European colonies in North America ( Leonard 1942 Romero 2013 Cummins 2014). Parchment bindings are frequently found in the libraries of scholars and other collectors ( Miller 2018 Pickwoad 1995). While complex socioeconomic factors influenced both the use and survival of these structures, they should not be automatically assumed to be temporary (Pickwoad 1994). After the advent of the European printing press, some limp styles were commonly used by book sellers as "publishers bindings" as the bindings were less expensive and less time-consuming to produce than in-boards bindings but would still protect the text (Pickwoad 1995). Some of the earliest known European parchment bindings are blank books: an English limp parchment notebook with primary tackets used from 1277 in King Edward I's wardrobe ( Bearman 2016), and an Italian limp parchment leather overband binding used from 1310 by the Frescobaldi merchant-banking company ( Bearman 2018). As such, the start of the use of parchment as a book covering material likely cannot be assigned to a single place and time. Parchment bindings have appeared in many collections and contexts throughout Europe over many centuries and in many formats. Historical Context of Parchment Bindings The word parchment as a catch-all term to include that made from calf, goat, and sheep is used throughout this page unless directly quoting a source that uses the word vellum. This page largely focuses on parchment as a covering material for books produced in Europe or European colonies, as well as appropriate conservation treatment techniques for such objects. Its use as a covering material can be found in numerous styles from various locations and across time. Parchment has long been incorporated into various aspects of bookbinding. A variety of parchment covered books that were heavily used are featured. Still life with books and a violin, 1628. 7.2 Parchment Bindings in 19th and 20th Century ManualsÄavidsz.7.1 Parchment Bindings in Pre-Industrial Era Manuals.4.7 Storage of Parchment Bindings and Components.4.6 Removing In Situ Parchment Binding Components.4.2 Humidification and Flattening of Parchment Bindings.2.5.1 Stationery Bindings with Leather Overbands.2.1.1 Stiff-Board Parchment Binding with Slotted Spine.1.2 Digital Databases That Include Parchment Bindings.1.1 Historical Context of Parchment Bindings. ![]()
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